1. The present participle (-ing form of the verb) refers to something or somebody that causes the feeling.
- The cause of a feeling or the giver of the feeling.
Ghost was frightening. (Hantu itu menakutkan).
2. The past participle (-ed form of the verb) is used to express how a person is effected by something.
- The result or the receiver of the feeling.
Dog was frightened. (Anjing itu takut).
Note that you cannot use the past participle / -ed form with things because things do not have emotions.
So, if we will say " I am boring", this sentence is wrong. Maybe you are actually will talk "I am bored".
| Verb | Present Participle (-ing) | Past Participle (-ed) |
| astonish | astonishing | astonised |
| bore | boring | bored |
| challenge | challenging | challenged |
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