Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary  ( Kata Kerja Bantu)

>> To do -- do, does, did
>> To be -- am,is,are,was,were
>> To have -- have / has, has.
>> Modal -- can, may, must, have to.

Modal Auxiliary

Modal                            Other Form         Function
1. Can - present (bisa)     Be able to            - Ability (kemampuan)
     Could - past                                           - Possibility

Example :
I can speak English well.
I am able to speak English Well.
I Could count until 10 when I was kindergarden student.
I was able to count until 10 when I was kindergarden student.

2. May - present            be allowed to          - Permisiion
    Might  - past                                             - Possibility

Example :
I may go out at night.
I am allowed to go out at night.
I think, i can be a president.
              can be >> bisa jadi.
possibility >> kemungkinan

He might be successful if he is a hard worker.

You may not eat cake to much, otherwise you will get toothache.

3. Must - Present             have/has to               - Obligation
    nothing - Past               had to                       - conclusion.

I must study hard.
I have to come on time.
I had to work overtime yesterday.

Must >> keharusan yang kita buat sendiri

I have to book in advance before studying.

have to : keharusan yang di paksakan orang lain.

Mr Elvani has lived in America for 10 years.
He must speak English well. (conclusion).
must >> pasti.

+) I must study hard.
-) I must not study hard.
?) Must I study hard?

have to
+) I have to be disiplin if I want to be successful.
-) I don't have to be disiplin if I want to be successful.
?) Do I have to be disiplin if I want to be successful?

You have to study, if you want to pass the exam.

You have to knock the door before you enter the house.

4. Should      Ought to     - sebaiknya.

My friend is sick, I should visit him.
You should give tissue, if your friend cry.

I ought to visit him.

ought to : sebaiknya

5. Will        past : would    function : future activity
shall        past : -     function : futute activity

I will go to Bali next week.
will : untuk semua subject
shall : I, we
would : lampau

would : penawaran
could : minta bantuan

Actually yesterday I would study but unfortunaly I had a guest.

had better : saran yg lebih kuat, paling tidak ada konsekuensinya.

You had better pay on time, otherwise you will get finalty.

Setelah modal harus verb I

Talking about price

How much does it cost?
Is it fixed cost?
Can we bargain?
Which book do you like?

bargain : tawar
pretend

waste : menghabiskan

Traditional : cheap, quality
Modern : more expensive

Tidy : tertata
Dirty : kotor
messy : tidak tertata

Determiners

Determiners = kata penentu

All = tergantung benda yg mengikuti

All people here are smart.
Countable
All water here is poluted.
Uncountable

Another - singular
Other - plural

I have two books. The first book is red, another book is black.

Other = yg lain banyak
Other village in Pati are crouded except Margoyoso.

Both - both of > keduanya
Ini dianggap plural
Both of Any and Anton are 29 years old.

# Either - Either of : salah satunya
Dianggap singular
Either of them likes Chocolate.

# Neither of : tak satupun
Singular
Neither of them interested in Jogging.

# each - masing - masing
Dianggap singular, walapun diikuti plural.
Each of students gets one book.
Each student gets one book.

# Every : singular
Every student delivers speech [pidato].

# Enough : cukup
Enough + noun
Adj + enough

She is beautiful enough.
I have enough money.

# fewer : lebih sedikit
Countable
Less : lebih sedikit
Uncountable
I have fewer friends than him.
I put less sugar in to my tea then usual. [daripada biasanya].

# more = lebih banyak.
Countable / uncountable
I need more experience.

# most : paling
Hampir seluruhnya
Most of them like chocolate.

She is the most generous person in her familly.

# no : tidak ada
No book is in my bag.
No book : noun

There is no book in my bag.

# several : beberapa
Countable
Several islands in Indonesia are beutiful.

Countable & Uncountable Noun

* A few and a little = sedikit
A few = countable (+-?)
Ex : I have a few friends.
A little = uncountable (+-?)
I spread a little jam on my bread.
Saya oleskan sedikit mentega di roti saya.
* Some and any : beberapa
Some = + C / U
Any = - ? C / U

I don't have any money.
sama artinya dg : I have no money.

Ex :
+ I invited some people.
- They don`t have any information.
? Do you bring any food?

* Many and much = banyak
Many = countable (+-?)
Mother needs many eggs to make a cake.
Much = Uncountable (+-?)
Do you have much money?
Snack = noun = makanan ringan
Snack = verb = ngemil

Uncountable noun :
1. Names of substances (material,liquids,gases,etc).
Leather,paper,wood,metal,...
2. Activities and sports
Running,swimming,shopping
3. Names of subjects
History,mathematics,music
4. Languages
Russian,greek,german,english
5. Abstract nouns
Love,hope,advice
6. Collection nouns
Furniture,luggage,equipment

Modul 3

1. Article
2. Demonstrative, reflexive & expletive pronoun.
3. Preposition
4. Countable & uncountable
5. Determiners
6. Talking about price
7. Modal Auxilary
8. Making invitation
9. Past Continuous Tense
10. Asking Preference

Prepositions

Prepositions of time

In ; month , year, season

In the morning
At morning
My salary increase every year in January.
Election will in 2014.

At ; time, general time [christmas, lebaran, weekend, midnight

On ; day, date,monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday, sunday,  holiday, birthday, .... day

Since
From a point the past until now
I live in Bandar Lampung since 2003.

During (verb + ing ) / noun
During working at the old workplace, I got a lot of experience and money.

For : durasi
I have spent my time for two week to do my duty.

Within > bisa juga in. Tapi in arti sudah luas.
I have duty to Pandaan within this week.
Duty > noun.
I have duty to ....
I want to do my duty.

I come here to study.
                     for studying.

To verb I vs for verb+ing.

Prepositions of place

On > melekat.
The clock is on the wall.
Above > diatas tidak melekat.
The lamp is above me.
Over > diatas tapi bergerak.
The bird flies over the tree.
Under > dibawah, tidak melekat.
The cat is under the chair.
Below > abstract
My position is below my bos.
Underneath > dibawah, melekat
I put the letter underneath the book.
Beneath : tenggelam / diselimuti
I sleep beneath the blanket.
My home is beneath the haze.
In > in the house , office.
Inside > tertutup / wadah.
Into -> ke dalam
Baru mau kedalam.
Translate this document into English.
At > at office , at home.
Between > diantara 2.
Among > diantara banyak.
I am the most handsome among my friends.
> Next to = dekat
My home is next to the mosque.
> Opposite = berseberangan
Hypermart is opposite Batik Shop.

>> Preposition of direction
1. Up : bergerak keatas
2. Through : melalui.
The thief escape through the window.
The thief : pencuri
3. Into : kedalam.
Ms Maya walk into the room.
4. Out off : kearah luar
5. Around : mengitari
6. Along : sepanjang
I walked along Kartini Street
7. Across : menyeberang
8. Past : melewati
9. Towards : menuju

Expletive

There   > subject    ] thing
             > object     ]

It          > weather = cuaca
            > time  = waktu
            > adjective = sifat

There / it + to be

There is a new statue in Pagar Alam Street.
Statue = patung

I am late because there was an accident.
There are a lot of people in my party.

It is cloudy now.
It is syuffy to be here.

It's ten o'clock.
It's interesting to work as a Programmer.

There is much money in my wallet.
There is no problem.
Is there any problem?
There must be solution for your problem.
Pasti ada solusi untuk masalahmu.

There will be concert tonight.
Akan ada konser nanti malam.

There can be miracle when you believe.
Bisa ada keajaiban ketika kamu percaya.

It is boring to wait.
It must be boring to be here.
It will be boring to study.
It can be confusing to have 2 girlfriends.

It will be tiring to work whole day.
It must be fun to have a lot of money.
It can be scarry being in the hospital alone / by myself.

Reflexive Pronoun

Subject    

I              myself
She          herself
He           himself
You          yourself
                yourselves
We           ourselves
They         themselves
It              itself

You use reflexive when the subject and object are the same person.

The dog scratches itself.
Anjing menggaruk dirinya sendiri.

I enjoyed the ice cream for myself.

Demonstrative

This    > ini > singular
These > ini > plural

That   > itu > singular
Those > itu > plural

Article

I brought my son to Urip. [name of place] > not use article
I brought my son to the hospital.

I'm waiting for him in the airport.
He will arrive in Raden Intan Airport.

a/an > singular noun
       > general noun

the > specific noun = the blue car.
      > superlatif = the best
      > ordinal number = the first
      > musical instrument = She can play the piano
      > public places = the hospital

0/x >  language, nationality, country
      > plural noun
         There are so many people.
         Children like candy/sweets.
      > sport, subject, meal, transport.
      > name of place

How many is a kilogram of orange.

A whole life = seumur hidup.
A whole day/ afternoon = seharian.

The boys are usually playboy.
All of our students are boys.

Most of my neighbours are Lampungnese.

Menyatakan kelompok biasanya sebagai subject.
The flowers are part of plant.